最近经常有小伙伴私信询问托福2024一月预测 2023年1月10日及11日托福“综合写作”小范围预测机经相关的问题,今天,蜕变培训网小编整理了以下内容,希望可以对大家有所帮助。
本文目录一览:
2023年7月13日托福考试写作预测
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
选择托福考试的同学们,你们知道托福考试都会考一些什么吗,大家如果不知道的话,是不是可以学习一下呢,下面和小钟老师一起来看看2023年7月13日托福考试写作预测。
1、考题出现时间:2023-1-25CN
综合作文:United states-wellness programs bring lots of benefits to the companies and employees.
阅读:
1)become a motivational tool for people to lose weight and quit smoking,什么research shows cash 让人们change their habit more easily;
2)奖励只针对达到目标的员工,有点不fair。
3 )although cost companies a lot of money, long term can收回来。
听力:
1)短期减小,是一个动力but cannot keep for a long period. Research shows that after several years the people are back to their bad habit;
2)不fair,个人自身条件不一样的。Some people not time exercise, need take care of their family cope with chores, some people genetically fat They need be charge higher因为花更多时间;
3)收不回来many employees not stay in one company forever, they will change for their own financially benefits to other company政府也没有政策帮扶员工,走了收不回来,损失大。
2、考题出现时间:2023-7-21CN
阅读:要对于烟和其他不健康的食物征收税
1)可以使人们少买烟之类的;
2)很公平;
3)税可以用来建其他的公共设施。
听力:教授说这样不好
1)人们会买便宜的烟,更不健康;
2)收入低的人,就是一种负担,不公平;
3)建的公共场所不让吸烟,对交税的人不公平。
3、考题出现时间:2023-11-8CN
阅读:不要给动物设置Crossings
1) 说动物不像家养的那样trainable,因此,unfamiliar,然后用crossing很少;
2) 建设这个crossing和后续都要投入大量的金钱,不划算;
3) 这个road本来就导致inhabit fragmentation,建crossing,会使得动物找不到食物, 不利于他们的population。
听力:要给动物设置Crossings
1) 这个需要时间,最近十年,动物使用这个的越来越多,这个需要时间,短时间是不行的,要长期才行,还说,动物有能力学习这个的使用方法;
2) 很多事故是人们造成的,每年修车费是几百万,比如建设crossing的花费更大,而且crossing不仅能保护动物,也能保护人类免受撞击的伤害;
3) 尽管会fragmentation,但是动物可以access不同的part因此不会造成食物短缺,还可以维持 population。
4、考题出现时间:2023-11-19NA,2023-1-11CN
阅读:一种人工的糖可帮助keep weight,但有可能会影响人体健康并且也可能无法帮助控制体重
1)在老鼠实验中研究人员发现摄入人工糖后老鼠的一个叫什么的会shrink,这个是免疫系统里的,因此认为这种糖会对人免疫有损害;
2)这种人工糖是通过用一个开头是chlo的东西替换掉糖里其中一个原子得到的,因此这种糖属于organchlo这类的,而这类的很多物质都是有毒的,因此认为当这种糖build up我们的组织时也有毒;
3)这种糖无法帮助保持体重,因为人们吃糖会加强他们爱吃甜食的习惯,他们会在吃蛋糕时吃很多糖,这会使他们不能保持体重。
听力:反驳,认为这种精对人不会有伤害,且阅读中的观点有缺陷
1)经研究表明在吃进太多这种糖时才会有shrink的现象,因此这种糖对正常人来说是不会影响免疫的;
2)承认这种人工糖是用chlo替换原子得到的,但这种糖不会被吸收,因此不会毒fat tissue;
3)实验表明这种人工精在加热时不会被breakdown,所 以人们也可以用它来bake cake之类的,这样人们可以吃甜蛋糕又可以保持体重。
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站
,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!
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2023年1月12日托福阅读考试预测
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
托福预测向来是每个考生考前必看的,因为托福预测还是有一定的效果的,那么今天就和小钟老师一起来看看2023年1月12日托福阅读考试预测。
Models of Egg Development
1 Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles (e.g. lizards) evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians (e.g. frogs and toads) lay in water. The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer, a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology. His specialty was early reptiles because, he felt, they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras (around 230 million years ago). Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians that is, amphibians living in water called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features. Indeed, some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine. Eventually, though, the transition was made, but these early reptiles remained aquatic. The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval (pre-adult) stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds. However, the land has its own set of dangers, not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere. To cope with these problems, a series of protective membranes developed around the egg, including a hard shell. Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.
2 Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring, whose specialty is fossil eggs. In Kohring's model, amphibians during the Mississippian epoch (360-320 million years ago) spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water. Because of the harsher conditions, eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is, more nutrients for the embryo. With larger yolks, the eggs were bigger, and fewer of them could be produced by the female hundreds rather than thousands. ■ To keep the larger egg intact, one or more membranes were developed, including one that surrounded and protected the egg. ■ This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions, which are poisonous. ■ Accumulating the calcium in a hardshell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land (it was pre-adapted to be laid there.) ■
3 One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared. The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos' growth. But life on the ground is not without hazards, based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs. Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality. To counter this loss of eggs, some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous(containing calcium carbonate) layer. This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching. And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age. In time, a thicker, more resistant shell developed. However, a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo. To compensate, larger eggs were produced,containing a great deal more albumen (egg white, a water-soluble protein). At this point, the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.
4 Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour. They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction, we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's. For Packard and Seymour, the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the
A. During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles, their skeletons were exactly the same.
B. It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so
much alike.
C. The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are
amphibians and which are reptiles.
D. Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.
2. The word “exclusively” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. only
B. initially
C. primarily
D. temporarily
3. According to paragraph 1, aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to
A. enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere
B. ensure the rapid development of a hard shell
C. enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land
D. protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water
4. The word “Accumulating” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. Forcing
B. Collecting
C. Distributing
D. Isolating
5. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the information about calcium ions
A. To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes
B. To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land
C. To explain why, according to Kohring, a hard shell evolved
D. To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium
6. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the relationship between eggs and water temperature
A. Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.
B. Eggs needed warm water to survive.
C. Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.
D. Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.
7. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian
epoch EXCEPT:
A. They had hard shells made from calcium ions.
B. They had larger yolks than previously.
C. They had protective membranes.
D. They were produced in larger quantities than previously.
8. The word “counter” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. escape
B. stop
C. combat
D. delay
9. According to paragraph 3, early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that
A. the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes
B. the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth
C. the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age
D. the egg could be laid on land
10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 3 as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell
A. It increased the hatching period.
B. It prevented the development of large-size eggs.
C. It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.
D. It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.
11. The word “breakthrough” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. effect
B. development
C. requirement
D. goal
12. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the fibrous membrane
A. It served the same function as the gelatin coat.
B. It was larger than the gelatin coat.
C. It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.
D. It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.
13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the
passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Answer Choices
A. Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long
before they started laying eggs on land.
B. Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to
the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.
C. In Rolf Kohring's view, early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were
produced in harsh water conditions, making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.
D. Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at
which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects and microbes.
E. Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor
waters.
F. According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour, reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs
because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.
希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助,我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站
,在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利!
2023年1月10日及11日托福“综合写作”小范围预测机经
您好,我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上,选择合适的学校和专业,准备相关考试,都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问,我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问!
1. 用收费来缓解交通拥堵问题
阅读讲到收取交通拥堵费用(congestion pricing)。说为了缓解交通拥堵,想要在城市中的某个区域收费,这样就能缓解一下。阅读文章给出三个理由:
1. 这样做可以节省时间(save time)
2. 可以改善环境(improve that area's environment)
3. 收费可以用于修复城市面貌,可以再修路,修桥等等
听力中教授否定了这个观点。
1. 他认为这样做有些司机不愿意花钱走这个区域就得绕路,更浪费时间。举了个例子:送快递的,他们要省钱,所以送快递的时候会变长。
2. 在收费区里面环境可能会好点,但是周围的车相对就会增多,吵杂声和空气污染(noise and air pollution)就会多。所以不是整个城市都能环境变好
3. 有的人付不起这个费用了,就会去坐地铁,政府就得出更多的钱维护地铁,这样一来收的那点钱可能还不够维护的,所以也不能起到帮助修桥,修路什么的作用了。
2. 政府是否应该限制捕捉濒临灭绝的鲱鱼(Menhaden)
阅读材料认为政府不应该限制捕捉鲱鱼
1. 鲱鱼的天然天敌是条纹狼鲈(striped bass),与其说是限制捕捞鲱鱼,还不如去捕捞条纹狼鲈,降低天敌数量。
2. 限制捕捞鲱鱼会影响农业,鲱鱼可以提供牲畜需要的蛋白质,限制捕捉的话会影响到原料的供应。
3. 当地很多人是以捕捞鲱鱼为生,如果限制捕捞,会导致捕鱼及相关人员的失业。
听力反驳了这些观点,认为应该限制捕捉鲱鱼。
1. 条纹鲈鱼不仅是鲱鱼的天敌,它还是很多其他鱼类的天敌,如果捕捉条纹鲈鱼的话,会影响生物链平衡。
2. 可以用其他作物来替代这种鱼作为原料,比如豆子(soy bean)富含蛋白质,完全可以用它来当饲料。
3. 政策尽管对当地经济会产生短暂性的不好影响,但如果鱼被捕光了的话,那整个产业就会崩溃,所以限制捕鱼的政策其实会让鱼的数量增加,之后并不会影响到人们就业。
3. 考古雕像是不是凯撒
考古学家在罗恩河(Rhone river)发现了一个大理石半身雕塑(bust)
阅读认为是罗马的一个领袖——凯撒大帝,原因有三。
(1)雕塑的现实主义风格(realism)是凯撒时期引入的;
(2)雕塑特点和罗马铸币上凯撒相似(如the style of hair);
(3)发现雕塑的地点在一条河,以前人们想销毁它,因为有新的领袖上任,留著它是不尊敬的。
听力完全反驳这个观点,原因有三。
(1)现实主义(realism)是在凯撒之后才引入的,所以不可能是凯撒;
(2)雕塑的特点也不完全一致,凯撒有瘦小的鼻子和长腿(slim nose and longlegs),和雕塑不符合;
(3)最后一原因罗马人把没有用的雕塑都往河里扔,举了一个叫Neptune的雕塑,是罗马的一个神。
4. 鹿角的功能
阅读讲到了鹿角的三种功能,
第一是用来散热。
第二是用来防范捕食者(predators)。
第三说到公鹿用角来展示它们的领地和势力。
听力反驳了这三个观点。
1. 鹿夏天过后它们的角还在长;寒冷的地方还会长;有些温暖的地方鹿角偏小,寒冷的地方它的角偏大,所以不是用来散热的啊。
2. 如果是防捕食者(predator)呢,那母鹿(female)为什么不长。还有在有些地方鹿是用脚踢(kick)的方式击退狼的攻击的。
3. 两个鹿经常互相较量(deerconfront each other),发出一些声音来传达信息,然后其中一只鹿走开了(walk around),没有明显的迹象表明是鹿角比较小的鹿就走开了。
5. 苏格兰采用风力发电(wind turbines)的利弊
阅读文章认为不好,会带来几个问题。
1. 影响旅游业的发展,游客喜欢原生态的风景,发电机破坏环境;
2. 地的表层被毁,放出很多二氧化碳;
3. 有其他更好的方法进行风力发电,比如在海边建风车,风力大。
听力逐一反驳:
1. 旅游的人都是热爱自然的人,这种保护自然的发电方式,更应该得到旅游者的喜爱。而且一般来旅游的都是本地人,会很容易找到其他地方去玩。
2. 比起火力发电之类的,放出的二氧化碳少多了,这种发电方式更环保。
3. 在海边进行风力发电费用高,要在海底铺设电缆,还会影响当地天气。
6. 阅读:一个什么动物在很久以前身躯很大的原因
1. 那时候氧气含量很多
2. plant 很多
3. Warm climate
听力:
1. 氧气含量其实比现在还少
2. plant 是很多,但是营养很少
3. warm climate is actually a disadvantage, because they needed to cooloff
7. 阅读:关于大象有三种很奇幻的说法
(1)大象能预知自己将死,并找到水边独自死去
(2)大象有艺术和绘画的能力,能用鼻子拿笔画个花
(3)大象怕小老鼠
听力:教授驳斥
(1)大象是因为老了而牙齿脱落,要软的食品,而在水边才容易找到
(2)大象会画画是因为有人训练它、教它动作(训象人用摸耳朵的方式)并不是它真的有能
(3)大象不是怕老鼠,对没见过的东西警觉是动物本能,当动物园里的大象(对老鼠熟悉了),就根本不在乎了。
8. 阅读:越来越多的人对在大公司上班失去了兴趣,转而自己开公司(self-employed)
1 大公司上班有太多bureaucracy,难以实现自己的 idea。
2 大公司上班工作稳定感大大不如从前。
3 大公司最近几年不提供 extrabenefits,比如退休金,更低的医疗保险。
听力:一一反驳三个观点
1 自己开公司要面对的手续会更多。
2 自己开公司明显更有风险,稳定感更不强。
3 自己开公司 extrabenefits 更没有保证。
9. 文章是讲的关于Harappan civilization decline的原因的三个假说
第一个是受到游牧民族侵略。
第二个是气候变化导致农业垮了。
第三个是一种通过水传播的疾病。
听力里一一反驳。
第一个是当时H文明的地盘很大游牧民族虽然打了他几个地区但是还不至于导致他decline。
第二个是同时期的埃及文明和另一种文明同样遭受了气候变化但是都调整了农业有了surplus的food。所以H也不可能因为气候变化而decline。
第三个是H人都是出色的工程师,他们创造了先进的水系统可以防止疾病通过水传播。。。
10. Pearl Poet到底是谁?
【阅读】lecture讲英国的written book Pearl Poet真正作者到底是谁,因为只有一个署名儿在这书中的一个poem的title下面叫什么P. 文章就开猜了,有三种可能性。
1. 第1个被认为可能的人JohnMassey,因为流传下来的他们的作品的handwriting是一样的;
2. 第2个是Hugh,因为H的其中一首poem描写的region和书中一手叫什么骑士Knight的描写的地方一样
3. 第3种猜测是那四首诗是一个collection,Pearl Poet是一堆人。
【听力反驳】
1. 第一个理由,过去的作品都是靠copy传播的,原版被reproduce很多次。所以人们看到的可能只是同一个人手抄copyoriginal的书,不能表明作者相同;
2. 第二个理由,教授说不是他,因为诗使用的dialect不同。这俩个人处于不同的地方,会有不同口音dialect,所以那种修辞在不同口音的情况下是不同的;
3. 像词语vocabulary的用法啥的都是重复那么多次频率这么高这肯定是一个人写的,不可能有很多人collection都有这些unique的特性。
11. 阅读说bee 在200 million years前就存在了的观点受到质疑,理由:
1没化石。
2没花没食物。
3化石结构可能不是bee的。
speaker 反驳
1,没有化石是因为那时候没树,无法preserve化石。
2. bee不是一定要feed on花的,也可以是pine tree什么的。
3.通过化学物质可以断定化石那就是bee的。
12. Anasazi 文明突然 vanished,估计是干旱drought 造成的。理由如下:
1. 全球变暖,该文明消逝前后的正值一场大规模的全球变暖,带来严重干旱,导致文明消逝。
2. 文明消失前, Anasazi 人已经规模的修建水利公事,但估计最后是这些公事没能保证足够的水源,使得 Anasazi 人无法应对突如其来的旱灾,被迫离开家园。
3. Anasazi 的文明消逝的非常突然 with no notice,并且 in a short time,说明不是一般的文明衰落的原因。
教授说,关于 Anasazi的文明突然消逝的原因很多,但至今没有定论,干旱的说法更是站不住脚。理由如下:
1. 全球变暖说。文明消失的 1800AD 前后是有一次大变暖,但考古发现 Anasazi 原住地附近的树长得都很好,一点也不缺水,说明全球变暖带来的缺水说不成立。
2. Anazia 人在几百年前就修建水利公事,而且他们完全有能力储备足够的水源,所以,这一说法也不成立。(这一点没听好)
3. 文明突然消逝,可能是由其他原因造成的。比如瘟疫plague 和战争 war.有一种理论认为,另一个强大但缺水的部落civilization 为了争夺水源和 Anazia 人打仗,迫使后者离开家园。
13. passage 讲了三种可能的理论来解释一次物种大灭绝
1. sea level decline 造成 coast living 灭绝。
2. cool climate,主要是火山活动造成的 SO2 增多,导致地球变冷。
3. asteroid strikes,产生的 cater 使植物得不到足够的 sunshine,也是恐龙灭绝的原因。
listening 里的professor 进行一点一点的否决:
1. 她说 sea level 在那个时候是 fluctuate,但是很 graduate,所以对 coast living 造不成影响因为它们能适应环境的变化。
2. SO2 虽然能使地球变冷,但是大气中的SO2 不怎么多,而且还为变成酸雨降到地面上。
3. asteroid 撞击地球是在12 million year ago(好像是,不太确定没在作文里写),在生物大灭绝之前发生,和这次没任何关系。
14. 阅读文章deep-sea mining
1. 论述mining的metal是适合的
2. 论述metal的污染问题0T
3. 论述mining的管制法制问题
讲座反驳:
1.volcanicmining出来的metal不一定available,目前的技术不够好,collect and transportation技术都不好
2. 即是metal只污染2公里以内的,但是污物业会drift back回? 动物还是会受影响
3. 虽然现在很多law管制,而coast属于某一个国家。international agency &law 只对公海有效,对coast无效吧。
15. Primary care doctors
美国的初级医护人员
阅读
20,000 primarycare doctors are in shortage in America, there are three reasons
1, 上医学院学费贵,学生需要贷款,毕业之后 primary doctors 的工资低,不够还贷款
2,P C doctors 压力大,工作时间长,看的病人多,没人愿意干这个工作
3,theopportunities to get trained are limited. 毕业后要培训三年才能上岗,但是residency position不多,导致很多学生毕业后得不到培训,之后他们就延迟培训或者该行
听力
这些问题都有解决方法
1,学生入学时承诺毕业后在primary care field干,政府就会给他们提供帮助,比如帮助附贷款或者提供奖学金
2,可以培训护士,让她们承担一部分医生的工作,比如开药方,这样医生压力就减少了
3,美国颁布了一个法律,规定如果毕业生三年里都没有接受培训,政府就会把他们安排到其他医院,这些医院有residency positions
总体比较简单,阅读没有什么生词,听力听得也很清楚,主要是最后一个论点,由于读文章时只关注记题了,第三个论点细节没怎么看,导致听力第三个论点听得也不是很清楚,后来阅读又出来的时候,又细细的看了阅读,然后根据听力听到的内容自己组织了下语言。用了模板,280个字左右。
16. Electronic medicationrecord
Reading:
It is benefit to have electronic medication record.
1. Save money
2. Less error
3. Provide research data
Listening:
Disagree.
1. Doctors will keep paper records even if they have electronic records.
2. Doctors like to use paper records, and ask others to input recordsinto computer, which will more easily to make errors.
Medicine records cannot be used freely.
17. signing bonus的好处
阅读:
Schools in big cities do not have enough teachers, the reading believesthat signing bonuses (offering teachers cash payment, and other financialincentives) project can improve urban schools.
1. Signing bonus will increase the income, usually teachers' income islow. So this project could stimulate other teacher to apply for urban schools.
2. The Signing bonuses makes the teachers' salaries comparable with otherprofessions, thus would attract capable candidates from other professions intoteaching positions such as computer science, engineers.
3. The signing bonuses will reduce teacher staffing problem at thebeginning of a school term. They will not quit at the beginning of their jobs.Besides, They are legally obligated to pay back the money if they quit.
听力
The signing bonuses are not likely to solve the problem.
1. According to a survey concerning what do teachers care the most.Salary is not the top concern. Other factors, such as how well the schooladministration is, how well the laboratories and libraries are, or even thecommute hours matter more to some experienced teachers. So the experiencedteachers are not likely to apply for urban schools only for the sake of money.
2. The biggest obstacle for other professions to enter teaching positionis the stressful and long process setting the teaching certification. They haveto quit the old jobs to prepare, which results in salary loss. If they arepreparing while doing their current job, it would be more stressful.
3. it would not be a good thing to both teachers and their students ifteachers are trapped in their position. Teachers can not leave schools beforethey pay back the bonus money, they will not in good mood, the teaching andstudent will suffer.
18. 讲两百万年前蜜蜂到底存不存在
综合写作阅读文第一个疑点是找不到实际存在的蜜蜂化石,但教授说那时候还没有能产生树脂的树,所以没有保留下来的化石很正常;第二个疑点是两百万年前没有开花植物所以蜜蜂不存在,而教授说蜜蜂不一定完全依赖开花植物;综合写作第三个疑点是至今发现的蜂巢都缺少一种现代蜂巢的结构Caps,但教授说其实两者存在相同化学物质。
19. 阅读提出了三种提高销量的方法,听力给予反驳
1. New version of existing products,
反驳的店是如果老顾客不喜欢新版本又会觉得用旧版很过时,就会放弃对这个牌子饮料的消费
2. New product related to the brand.
反驳的是如果旧的vehicle的卖点是tough,如果新产品如boots没有这样的quality,就会给公司带来badreputation.反驳是如果原来买冰淇淋的厂商开始卖巧克力了,会增加巧克力的竞争者。
3. 联合生产。
反驳的是如果产品一个企业生产不了那么可以几个公司合作,要不没什么用。举了一个冰淇淋和巧克力的例子。可以如果有一天生产巧克力的那家公司开始自己生产冰淇淋,不再依赖冰淇淋公司,会导致从合作变成竞争关系。
20. 野牛数量的下降的原因
Reading:
1.人将它作为了source of food
2. Migrators 带来的competing for grassland
3. 新科技的发展,如枪的发展
Listening:
1.人是从东部迁徙过去的,但是野牛数量下降时从西边开始的,东部也吃野牛,但是数量没有下降。
2.野牛可以在寒冷的天气下生存,有很厚的皮,还可以吃雪下面的草而牛和马在冷环境下无法存活。
过去的狩猎武器跟新武器一样有效,所以新武器出现后威力更大的说法是说不通的。
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