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运用逻辑 征服新托福口语:Task 6解析
在新托福口语考试中,高分考生的答案普遍都具有一个特点,那就是清晰(clear)和连贯(coherent)。特别是在学术感很强的Task6部分,考生没有了阅读材料作参考,只能完全依赖听力材料, 难度增加的同时,能否表达的清晰连贯就更加重要了。在紧张的,有严格时间限制的考试过程中要做到这两个要求,一个最为行之有效的方法便是使用逻辑感非常强烈的句型。在本文中,朗阁海外考试研究中心将主要针对新托福口语part 6,通过一些常见真题来探讨一下最能体现逻辑感的四大状语从句(即时间,原因,条件,让步)在考试当中的运用,从而帮助考生们有效展现清晰和连贯的语言能力。
一.四大条件状语从句
1. 时间状语从句 【adverbial clause of time】:
常用引导词:When, while, as, after, before, as soon as, since, till
2. 原因状语从句 【adverbial clause of cause】:
常用引导词:because, since, as, for
特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that
3. 条件状语从句 【adverbial clause of condition】
常用引导词:if, unless,
特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that
4. 让步状语从句 【adverbial clause of concession】
常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
二.Task 6真题示范讲解
题目简介:
【讲课要点】:心理学
讲儿童情绪。不仅只是高兴与否,也会情绪转移。
【举例说明】:
许多孩子在同一房间。如果一个哭,另一个也会哭,然后更多的孩子一起哭。人们以为这是对外界环境---噪音的反应。
一个成人和一个孩子玩。成人哭了,孩子并不哭。这证明原来孩子哭是表示同情,而不是由于外界的吵闹。
然后研究也表明:孩子听别人的哭声的录音带,孩子会哭;孩子听自己的哭声的录音带,孩子不哭。
回答演示1:
The lecture tells us about children’s emotion. They are not only happy or angry, but also show empathy of others. Then the professor goes on to explain that by giving two examples. One is that many children are in the same room and a child starts to cry, another one also starts to cry and more children join it soon. So people think this is caused by environment but not noise. Another example is that an adult plays with a child. He starts to cry, but the baby does not cry. This is against the previous conclusion that noise makes the child cry. Actually,this is an emotional-empathy,that is,they have sympathy for other children. Research has also shown that one tape with other baby’s crying makes the baby cries. But another tape of his own crying doesn’t make the baby cry. Therefore, babies cry because empathy of others. They concern about others.
答案解析:
新托福口语Task 6中,最常出现的题型就是这种现象——举例式题目,我们可以看到在这个范例中,虽然考生将听力材料中的重要信息都涵盖在答案里,而且没有出现任何明显的语法错误,但是因为缺少必要的逻辑连接词,整个表达给我们一种非常凌乱的感觉,毫无任何连贯和清晰可言。这也是很多考生之所以虽然将笔记记得非常详细,却依然拿不到理想分数的主要原因。
回答演示2:
The lecture tells us about children’s emotion. They are not only happy or angry, but also show empathy of others. Then the professor goes on to explain that by giving two examples. One is that many children are in the same room. When a child starts to cry, another will also start to cry and more children join it later on. So people think this is because of the environment, but not noise. Another example is that an adult plays with a child. When he starts to cry, the baby does not cry. This is against the previous conclusion that the child cries due to the noise. Actually this is because of an emotional-empathy. The children cry because they show empathy for other children. Research has also shown this----- if a baby listens to one tape with other baby’s crying, the baby cries. If a baby hears another tape of his own crying, the baby does not cry. Therefore, babies cry because they feel empathy of others. They concern about others.
答案解析:
在这个回答范例中,我们在原来答案的基础上加入了若干表示原因,让步,条件逻辑关系的连接词,构成了状语从句,可以很明显感到改动后的答案体现了强烈的逻辑感,前后句的关系更加紧密,语意立刻变得清晰,连贯,在短时间内使考生能够把lecture的内容解释清楚。
接下来我们来看另一道真题演示,体会这些状语从句的作用:
题目简介:
【讲课要点】: 科技类
科技课。讲了发明创造的两种出现方式
【举例说明】:
有意出现
无意出现。
然后分别用双焦眼镜(bifocal glasses)和 X-rays 举例说明。
回答演示:
In the lecture, the professor tells about the new technolgy’s coming up and changing in our daily life. He explains that there are two ways in which those inventions and innovations happen: intentionally and accidentally. Then he takes bifocal glasses for example to show intentional discoveries. Before the bifocal glasses were invented, people had to carry two pairs of glasses wherever they went. One was for seeing things far away, and the other for closer views. Therefore when bifocal glasses were invented, they immediately became popular among many people because of the great convenience provided.
He goes on to give another example of accidental innovation. When people first encountered X-ray in the lab, the scientists had no idea of what this finding meant, or where to put this discovery into application.
通过以上的陈述以及范例讲解,希望考生们可以充分体会并理解,在口语表达的清晰与连贯性上,四大状语从句所起的至关重要的作用,并在考试中有效运用,以助考生们获得理想成绩。
托福口语考试答题的要点
【 #英语口语# 导语】整个托福考试都是机考,口语考试也不例外,所以考试过程比较标准。口语考试的内容更偏学术化,主要考察考生的听力、阅读和表达能力。考试时间为20分钟,一共有6个task。以下是 整理的托福口语要点及相关内容,欢迎阅读!
1.托福口语考试答题的要点
托福口语的6个task答题都有各自的要点,大家一定要注意。
在回答Task 1的时候要首先讲明主题句,然后列出三点理由,举一个例子论证即可,例子尽量具体。Task2要用主题句表明倾向,然后叙述两点理由,最后可以做一个总结句。Task3可以使用三段式模板,但是要注意把握时间,阅读段落和听力段落描述时间比例约为1:2。Task4先概括文章段落大意,听力段落重点描述,如果阅读段落中有提到的内容,但在听力段落中没有提到,可以不说。Task5对于前半部分的问题描述可以使用模板快速回答,描述个人意见时可以选择一条或两条理由,只要描述足够充分就可以。Task6答题时最为重要的是描述清楚事情的起因和结果以及主要特征,描述过程中不要遗漏重点信息,也不要出现描述错误的情况。
1. 语调轻松,不要像背书
托福口语考试是模仿交流的考试,所以一定不要给人一种你在背书的感觉。答题时要当成普通聊天,也可以加一些口头语,比如“you know”、“I mean”等等。这样的口头词语可以在你突然卡顿的时候,给你短暂的思考时间,也会让你的回答听起来更加流利和顺畅。回答期间尽量不要突然停住不说话,流利度很重要。
2. 内容丰满,自圆其说
口语答题时,一定要注意答案的丰满度,比如,举例论证的时候,一定要将例子表达完整。逻辑关系明确,如果分点回答,可以用“first,second,third”等词汇过渡,让自己的回答听起来条理清晰。答题时分论据一定要和自己的主题论据一致,能够自圆其说,切忌前后互不照应。
3. 平时多练习
托福口语的平时需要多练习,如果平时没有打好基础,那么考试中的技巧再好也是没有用的。另外,口语的练习离不开老师的指导,要及时根据老师的建议强化自己的薄弱环节。另外,平时多去用英语交流的场合练习口语。
2.托福口语的发音难点
1、元音不标准
每个单词的发音都离不开元音音标,而元音音标的不标准会影响到几乎所有单词的发音。元音分单元音和双元音,单元音问题常见于/ᴂ/, 如palace, family, passion等等,而错误的发音是偏向于/a/, 这源于发音启蒙初期,并没有很好地意识到这两个元音发音的区别,嘴型的区别。纠正的关键也在于嘴型的纠正,是纵向张开或是横向张开是关键。
双元音问题也很常见,之前有一个学生,常常把place读成/ples/, 双元音/ei/的发音是由开口音和闭口音的过渡构成的,/e/是其开口音,但如果没有闭口音,就不能构成完整的双元音发音。此类发音误区还常常出现于name, game, take等。出现此类错误时,可以将两个发音分别练习之后进行连读,效果很显著。
2、辅音分不清
辅音音标大多成双成对,如/s/和/z/, /t/和/d/, 分别为清辅音和浊辅音。学生常见的混淆发音出现于/θ/和/δ/, 也就是th字母组合的发音。常见问题为容易将/θ/发成/s/, 如think, thank, thought, three...如those, that, them... 当出现此类问题时,学生常常无法感知其中发音的区别,除非对着镜子对口型。一开始的纠正也很艰难,因为惯性思维已经形成,一时间改过来很难,但一定要找对方法,如舌头与牙齿的位置,气流发出的方式,唯有多多练习才能完全习惯并掌握。
3、连读太生硬
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英语流利的其中一个体现就是连读,连读常常出现于前一个词的辅音结尾加上后一个词的元音开头,在托福口语中,我们需要听听力,其中有许多口语化的连读现象,不习惯连读就意味着听不出连读的信息,比如在一篇口语Task 5听力中出现过“the speeches from her cousin and some others”, 就有学生听成“the speeches from her cousin and son mothers”,他们表示疑惑的同时也让人忍俊不禁,如果在face-to-face communication 中出现这样的误解,就更加尴尬了。再者,在有限的时间内答题也是需要连读技巧的,连读是流利度提升后的一个体现。
4、略读没意识
在托福口语中有一个语音现象常常被忽视,就是略读。比如What do you think? 一句日常用语,读出来的同时我们会发现what的最后一个字母t是不发音的,且不说发出来是不是错了,如果没有略读,发音就会挤在一起,并且让人觉得很生硬,不地道。这一特点学生可在平时的听力当中去积累和跟读模仿,这是最有效的方法。
5、轻重不分
Last but not least, 这是一个非常普遍的语调现象,许多学生的回答录音听起来就类似于机器人说话,一平到底。关键是,很多语速很快的同学都有这样的弊端。往往这样的同学都很想练出轻重音的感觉,但又无从下手,甚至出现一些奇怪的重音方式,比如特意加重。其中不难发现,英语中的重音并非一味加重,而是往上提的发音方式。将发音自然而然地向上扬,扬至类似于汉语第一声这样的音调,就可以突出重点内容了。在口语中,轻重分明的回答可以有效让考官听到自己的得分点,事半功倍。
3.托福口语考试的技巧
1、大家摆正心态,托福考试的目的在于考察那些非英语国家的人们的英语水平。托福考试的评分是很公平的。不要妄自菲薄,觉得托福口语多么高不可攀。连美国人自己都承认,能讲三种语言的是trilingual,能讲两种语言的是bilingual,而只会说一种语言的人叫American。所以按照这个逻辑,每个托福考生要比一个典型的美国人强多了。
托福口语考试是高度模式化的,网上有很多备考资料可以参考,特别是第3-6题。长时间的同类题型训练一定可以帮助托福考生们从容应对考试。第1、2题直接参上的备考资料备考资料,只要稍微点题,让考官明白你想表达的内容,基本分数是完全可以保证的。而且考试结束后,八成的托福考生都会说口语给分比自己预估的高,甚至高很多。
2、也有不少托福考生自信满满,认为自己的托福口语水平在非英语国家的考生中是独孤求败。总觉得托福口语对他们而言简直是apieceofcake。在这强调下,平时和老外交谈十分自如的考生,未必就能在托福口语考试中春风得意。大多数人在日常交流中都会运用一些面部表情或者肢体语言来弥补口语的不足,而托福口语考试是机考的,不是视 频 聊天,需要完全依靠嘴巴的表达。另外在和老外交流中,老外会时不时地进行反馈使交流变得更简单,而在托福口语考试中只有你自己,就靠一张嘴巴说,没有任何形式的互动。
所以,在思想上一定要重视托福口语,把握基本功,认真对待,高分便唾手可得。
4.托福口语的习语
学习使用习语需要长期的积累。如果你能够自如使用习语必将大大增加你口语表达的生动性和地道程度。例如,下面几个使用了习语的句子就显得很地道而生动。
例1:I’ve never met John Franklin, but his name rings a bell。
解析:句中的ring a bell跟“门铃响”毫无关系,它的意思是“听起来耳熟”,以后咱们也能酷酷地跟人说:“The name Oslo rings a bell, but I can’t remember where it is。”
例2:She arrived at the reception dressed to kill。
解析:句中的dressed to kill可不是“被打扮得杀气腾腾”的意思,而是指“穿着极为时尚出众以吸引眼球”。
不过,口语刚入门的同学应慎用习语。原因有二:其一,如果你的谈话对象不是英语母语人士,他/她可能听不懂,这就使沟通出现障碍;其二,如果谈话对象为英语母语人士,他会很惊喜,以为你英语水平与他相当,后果是他会使用更多的习语跟你交流,弄得你一头雾水。当然,等习语累积到一定程度时,你就可以想用就用,谁拦着跟谁急!
5.托福口语的语音语调介绍
英语有各种口音,大概可归纳为以下三类:
①英语母语人士的各类口音,如北美口音、英格兰口音、威尔士口音、澳大利亚口音等;
②以英语为官方语言的国家的口音,如印度口音、新加坡口音、南非口音等;
③以英语为第二语言的国家的口音,如中国口音、日本口音、俄罗斯口音等。追求地道的发音一直同是很多学所狂热追求的,要么想练成标准英伦腔,要么想表现正宗美国味。殊不知,口语的核心是“表达清晰、准确”。正所谓“华丽的外表可以有,但是内涵跟得上才是正道”。
求新托福tpo18task6的文本
Listen to part of a lecture in a business class.
People who are likely to buy a company’s product are called target customers and
these target customers influence a company’s marketing strategy. In order to develop a
marketing strategy, a company would look at certain characteristics of target
customers to decide when and where to advertise, so that they’ll reach the target
customers most effectively. I’d like to talk to you today about two characteristics of
target customers that can influence marketing strategy, specifically age and
geographic location of target customers.
Say a company makes toy cars, who are its target customers? Kids, right? So if a
company wants to make sure its television advertising reaches its target customers,
it’d want to advertise during times when kids are actually watching television, like
during children’s television shows. That way it can make sure that kids see the
advertisements and that way the company will get people in that age group to go buy
toy cars or to ask their parents to buy them, at least.
Now, another important characteristic to consider is geographic location, places where
the company’s target customers live. Think about a company that makes boats. Its
target customers are people who own homes near oceans or lakes, places where they
can use boats, after all, people who don’t live near water don’t have much use for
boats. So by placing advertisement on signs along the road or on television in cities
and towns that are near oceans or lakes, the company would be more likely to reach
the target customers for its boats and sell more of them as a result.
Using points and examples from the lecture, explain how the characteristics of target
customers influence marketing strategy for products.
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