托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast（2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日））

托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast（2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日））很多朋友对这方面很关心，蜕变培训网整理了相关文章，供大家参考，一起来看一下吧！

本文目录一览：

• 1、托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast
• 2、2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日）
• 3、托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast

TPO是我们常用的 托福 模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Trade and the Ancient Middle East 。

托福阅读原文

Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East, as caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by access to water and by mountain ranges. This has been so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of metallic ore and other useful materials Ancient demands for obsidian (a black volcanic rock useful for making mirrors and tools) led to trade with Armenia to the north, while jade for cutting tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan. One can trace such expeditions back to ancient Sumeria, the earliest known Middle Eastern civilization. Records show merchant caravans and trading posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials , such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and gems.

Reliance on trade had several important consequences. Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner. In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.

This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances. As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and ntrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.

Dependence on long-distance trade also meant that the great empires of the Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand. The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route. The ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl the surrounding barrens, which were almost impossible for a state to control. Peripheral peoples therefore had a great advantage in their dealings with the center, making government authority insecure and anxious.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, why has trade been so important throughout the history of the Middle East

A.The rare and valuable metals and stones found in Middle Eastern deserts have always been in high demand in surrounding areas.

B.Growing conditions throughout the Middle East are generally poor, forcing Middle Eastern people to depend on imported grain.

C.Many useful and decorative raw materials cannot be found naturally in the Middle East but are available from neighboring regions.

D.Frequent travel, due to limited water supplies in the Middle East, created many opportunities for trade with neighboring societies.

2.The word “repudiate” in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to

A.respect

B.reject

C.review

D.revise

3.According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers?

A.Workers were ranked according to their skill level, with the most-experienced artisans becoming partial owners of the shop.

B.Shop owners treated different workers differently depending on how much the workers had in common with their masters.

C.Workers were bound to their masters by unbreakable contracts that strictly defined the terms of their partnership.

D.The shop owner worked alongside the workers and often considered them partner and members of the family.

4.The author includes the information that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading (in passage 3) in order to

A.support the claim that the mode of production made possible by the craft guilds w very good for trade

B.contrast the economic base of the city government with that of the tribal confederacies

C.provide a reason why the government allowed the guilds to be self-controlled

D.suggest that the government was missing out on a valuable opportunity to tax the guilds

5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middle Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT:

A.The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quality craft production.

B.Each guild was very large and included members from a broad geographic area.

C.The leaders of the guilds were chosen by popular vote.

D.All guild members were treated as equals.

6.The word “consensus” in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.authority

B.responsibility

C.custom

D.agreement

7.According to paragraph 4, which of the following was NOT necessary for success in themercantile economy?

A.Good business sense

B.Reliable associates

C.Family wealth

D.Constant effort

8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Tribes people were comfortable forming personal relationships with merchants, who, like them, were bound by their promises to one another.

B.Because trade was not formally regulated, merchants were careful about whom they trusted and often conducted business with people they knew personally.

C.While trade among merchants relied somewhat on regulation, among tribes people trade was based on personal relationships and careful character evaluation.

D.Because tribes people were bound only by their promises to one another, personal relationships were formed only after careful weighing of character.

9.The word “ethic” in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to

A.set of moral principles

B.division of labor

C.economic system

D.test of character

10.According to paragraph 4, what choice did Middle Eastern merchants and artisans have that many other people have not had?

A.If they were unhappy in the mercantile environment, they could draw on personal connections to find a different kind of work.

B.They were allowed to assert their opinions without having to listen to aristocratic professions of moral superiority.

C.Following the example of the pastoralists, they could demand, and receive, better working conditions.

D.If they didn't like their environment, they could move somewhere else.

11.The word “intrinsically” in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.fundamentally

B.surprisingly

C.consequently

D.particularly

12.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gama's fifteenth century voyage around Africa?

A.To provide evidence that European seafarers took every opportunity to bypass Middle Eastern merchants

B.To present an instance in which Middle Eastern states lost money and power because of their reliance on long-distance trade

C.To argue this new route became necessary when European seafarers wanted to avoid Middle Eastern states whose central power had begun to erode

D.To explain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the dangerous predators prowling the areas surrounding Middle Eastern cities

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? For one thing, it created a demand for finished goods to be sold both locally and abroad.

Paragraph3: Reliance on trade had several important consequences. ■【A】Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner. ■【B】In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships. ■【C】The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership. ■【D】

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Since ancient times. reliance on trade has shaped the culture and organizational structure of Middle Eastern societies.

A.Persian and Arabian merchants traveled great distances to sell their finished goods at the marketplaces of ancient Sumeria.

B.Revenue from trade was unevenly distributed, causing Middle Eastern societies to be characterized by growing distinctions in wealth and power.

C.Qualities that were valued in the mercantile economy included individualism, hard work, loyalty, and the willingness to take risks.

D.As production increased, centralized control over production also increased, leading in turn to more-centralized control over fellowship and worship.

E.Crafts were produced by skilled artisans working in close, egalitarian relationships with their masters and other fellow guild members.

F.The stability of Middle Eastern governments was threatened by their lack of control over international trade patterns and over their own peripheral territories.

托福 阅读答案

1.问trade为什么主要，这段第一句就说是mainstay，第二句就给出了原因，说他们没有这个没有那个，所以答案是C。A说中东有material，明显与原文说反;B的中东很穷和D的frequent travel原文都没说。

2.repudiate与……断绝关系，驳斥，所以reject正确。原句说师徒之间是一种契约关系，这个契约任意一方都可以怎么样，下一句又说是一种伙伴关系，也就是没有强制性，所以答案是任何一方都可以撕毁，所以答案是reject。respect和review都不靠谱;revise单纯的改变也不是作者的意思。

3.以shop owners做关键词定位至第二句，但第二句没有回答问题，所以往后看，后一句说老板和工人之间的界限被blur模糊了，而且他们同吃同住一起工作，所以答案是D。A的workers rank原文没说;B说对不同工人态度不同，与原文相反;C的unbreakable contract与最后一句相反。

4.修辞目的题，先看修辞点所在 句子 ，只是一个例子，放弃;往前看，说有行业协会互助互惠，但这明显也还是一个例子，所以看本段中心句，说这种生产方式倾向于促进自律平等的同业协会的发展，所以答案是C。

5.EXCEPT题，排除法。A的support workers和uphold principles做关键词定位至第二句，原文的mutual aid and protection等于support workers，maintaneance of professional standards等于uphold principles，A正确，不选;B的geographic area原文没有对应点，错，选;C的vote做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选;D的equals做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选。

6.consensus合约，同意，协定，所以D的agreement正确。原句说人与人之间的关系非常和谐，他们听他们领导的话，通过什么实现自律并尽量减小贫富差距，减小差距就是为了求得某种一致，所以答案是agreement。A权威，B责任，C习惯，都不靠谱。

7.EXCEPT题，排除法。A与倒数第二句的entrepreneurial skill同义替换，正确，不选;B与倒数第二句的loyalty of one’s fellow同义替换，正确，不选;C在原文中无对应点，错，选;D与倒数第二句的steady hard work同义替换，正确，不选。

8.原句的结构是在什么什么人当中，什么和什么很重要，在什么什么环境下。所以B正确。A混淆原文概念，原文说在当时的环境下只能靠promise形成商业网络，人们和认识的人做生意，不是人们靠promise做生意;C错，原文说没有regulation，C说反;D错，因为only原文从来没说过。

9.ethic道德规范，伦理，所以A正确。原文说商人和工匠们不能忍受moral superiority，更喜欢open market的什么，既然不喜欢moral superiority，那么他们喜欢的东西也应该跟道德有关，所以答案是A，而B劳力分工C经济体系和D性格测试完全不靠谱。

10.以many other people做关键词定位至最后一句，说如果不满意当地的商业环境，中东商人会像游牧民族一样迁移到其他地方，这是其他人做不到的，所以答案是D。

11.intrinsically本质的，内部的，固有的，所以答案A正确。原句说尽管中部的国家很富裕而且人口稠密，但他们是怎么样脆弱的，由于新的国际贸易路线可以决定金融资本所在的地方，并且能够侵蚀国家的力量，都能侵蚀了，所以应该是脆弱的，但前文又说人口密集并且富裕，所以这些都是表象，所以答案是A的fundamentallly基础;B吃惊C结果D特别都没反应这种内外的差别，所以都不对。

12.修辞目的题，先把本句读清楚，说新的国际贸易路线可以决定金融资本所在的地方，并且能够侵蚀国家的力量，接着就说就像达伽马发现了新航路之后欧洲人绕过了中东，所以说达伽马的事儿是为了证明航线的发现能够削弱国家的力量，所以答案是B。

13.两个过渡点，连词for one thing和名词finished goods，既然是for one thing，就应该放在比较靠前的位置上，所以A或者B有可能，而放在A正好对应之前的several important consequences;而且finished goods与原文当中的production对应，所以A正确。

14.Persian选项是原文第一段中的一个细节，不选;Revenue选项与原文第三段最后一句说反，是贫富差距缩小，不是扩大，不选;Qualities选项对应第四段，正确;As选项与原文第三段第一句相反，不选;Crafts选项对应原文第二段和第三段的最后一句，正确;The stability选项对应原文第五段第一句，正确。

托福阅读译文

自从中东地区的商旅们成功跨越周围的戈壁，只有水路和山峦还是障碍时，贸易就成为了中东地区城市经济的主要支柱。这种情况(贸易是主要支柱)从古至今都是如此，一部分原因是中东地区的地质环境——多为沙石和石灰岩，金属矿藏和 其它 有用材料很少。古代对黑曜石(一种火山岩，可以用来制作镜子和工具)的需求引发了(中东地区)与北方的亚美尼亚之间的贸易;用作切削工具的玉石从土耳其斯坦购买;而稀有贵重的琉璃青金石是从阿富汗地区进口。探险活动最早可以追溯至古苏美尔——已知最早的中东文明。记录显示商队和贸易站由古苏美尔人在周围山区及古波斯和阿拉伯的沙漠地区建立。

过于依赖贸易造成了一些重大影响。生产工作一般在师傅也是店主的监视下，由熟练的工匠计件完成。在这些店铺中，阶级差异并不明显，因为工匠和店主同在一个相对舒适的环境中共事，通常有着相同的宗教信仰，而且又是街坊邻里，彼此之间还很有可能(没准真的)是亲戚关系。工人和店主双方具有劳务关系，任一方都有权终止，这是合作关系中的一种。

这种生产模式有助于自主管理制度的发展，在中东城市里意识形态上秉持人人平等的手工行会比比皆是。他们实质上是专门提供互助且保护组织成员的协会组织，同时注重维持行业标准。独立行会不断增加，是因为剩余价值的产生并非由于国内生产，而是主要来自于国际间的贸易活动。政府允许劳动人民自主管理，这和部落首领让牧羊者们离群索居一样。在当地，团体、信仰以及生产方面的小型平等主义团体或类似平等主义的组织在这种自由放任的环境里遍地开花，和谐平等的团体中，成员之间相互影响，追随着他们自己选举的领导人，在缩小财富和权力差距的同时通过分享意见进行自我管理。

商品经济也通过靠贸易为生的商人所秉持的特定道德立场表现出来。他们具有独立自主、精于计算、敢于冒险和随遇而安的优秀品质。在部落成员之间，人际关系和谨言慎行的品质在监管不严的商品经济中至关重要,商品经济里人们出口成契，诚信基础上的非正式联系形成了一个国际贸易网络。从没有商人和工匠对贵族职业的道德优越感如此宽容，这很好地促进了开放市场中的平等主义，人们辛勤工作，忠诚跟随，具备企业家精神非常重要。而且，这和畜牧文明类似，中东的商人和工匠们若对自己所处的环境不满意，简单收拾一下就可迁移到一个更加丰茂的牧场——纵观历史，如此随性而为的行为在其他多数文明中是无法想象的。

对远距离贸易的依赖也意味着伟大的中东帝国得以建立在这片飘忽不定却又无比真实的沙土之中。帝国中部尽管非常富足繁盛，但本质上脆弱不堪，因为新的国际贸易线路的出现会动摇经济基础并腐蚀国家权力。就在15世纪晚期达伽马绕过非洲开辟南部航线以后，欧洲的水手们便绕过中东商人改走南部航线了。该地区的生态环境也允许武装“捕食者”在周围的荒漠潜行，几乎很难被帝国控制。外围的人借此得到一个应对中央帝国的绝好机会，这让政府惴惴不安。

苏美尔人(也译作苏默)，是历史上两河流域(底格里斯河和幼发拉底河中下游)早期的定居民族，他们所建立的苏美尔文明是整个美索不达米亚文明中最早，同时也是全世界最早产生的文明。

托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Trade and the Ancient Middle East相关 文章 ：

2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日）

您好，我是专注留学考试规划和留学咨询的小钟老师。在追寻留学梦想的路上，选择合适的学校和专业，准备相关考试，都可能让人感到迷茫和困扰。作为一名有经验的留学顾问，我在此为您提供全方位的专业咨询和指导。欢迎随时提问！
很多需要完成托福考试的学生，都会通过阅读一些考试的真题来确定考试的形式以及出题的习惯。那么对于刚刚完成的6月19日的托福考试，就有很多学生想要看它的真题了。那么小钟老师今天就给大家带来托福6月19日阅读考试的真题吧。
2023年6月19日托福阅读真题：
1.厄尔尼诺现象
tat selection， ancient discoveries or inventions in roman
3.南美一个小国家的可可豆香蕉出口带来的boom
4.动物的生物钟节律
5.欧洲中世纪的town的特点-木星的卫星欧罗巴上的冰层下的海洋，而且因为木星引力导致的地热而可能存在生命的推测。
托福阅读考试复习的方法：
第1点：托福词汇基础要扎实。托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型，也就是托福阅读词汇题。从文章中抽出一个单词，让考生选择与这个单词词义最接近最符合的。这些词汇是没有一个大纲让考生去背的，只有靠考生平时自己大量的托福阅读词汇积累，尤其是一些学术学科的词汇。
第2点： 托福阅读试题基本语法知识要了解。托福阅读考试是一项比较全面的考察学生英语能力的内容，所以从词汇开始，一直到句子已经篇章都有对应的考题类型去考察。但是要理解句子的含义，光是词汇认识也不一定能完全搞清楚，有的时候需要通过语法知识去分析。这种语法在很多题型中有所体现。
第3点：逻辑关系词要牢记在心。托福阅读试题英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列（and， as well），比较（than， as…），因果（because， so， therefore， thus， result from），递进（also，furthermore），转折（but， however， yet）等等。
第4点：快速阅读能力要加强。托福阅读考试每篇的时间是规定为20分钟，除了看托福阅读文章长篇的文章外，还有11或13道题目的内容，所以时间是非常紧张的，因此在托福阅读的时候速度就很关键。考生要改掉一些阅读的坏习惯，例如逐字阅读，出声阅读，或者指着阅读等，这样的习惯只会拖慢阅读的速度。所以快速托福阅读能力在考试中是非常重要的，读的时候要以意群来看。
第5点：注重归纳的能力培养。托福阅读最后一大题都是以全文意思的归纳为基础才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察的就是考生对文章的整体把握。因此考生在平时练习的时候一定要注意对文章段落的归纳，能够在较短的时间内把文章段落的中心大意读出来，然后进行总结，最后选择出最能代表文章中心含义的内容。
托福阅读评分流程：
托福阅读满分为30分，但是大家都知道这是调整过后的分数，称为Scaled Score；在调整之前的分数被称为原始分Raw Score；原始分数是45分。ETS对托福阅读的评分流程
1.首先根据卷面评分得出考生的原始分数。根据托福阅读评分标准，阅读一共有3篇文章，每篇有12-14道题，如果有加试的话，从所有考题中选3篇阅读题目计分。回答正确之后的总分数就是托福阅读的总分（原始分数）。除了托福阅读的观点题和归类题以外，每道题分值1分。重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分。托福阅读分数范围为0-30分。
2.其次，再根据统计学的方法，调整原始分，可能调高，也可能调低；
3.将调整后的“原始分”根据事先制定的换算标准进行换算，得到最终分数。
为什么托福阅读评分标准如此复杂：
将托福阅读评分标准与国内相比的话，国内考试的评分更加简单。国内大部分考试的满分都是 100 分，即使不是 100 分，其评分机制也非常简单和直观，考生的最终得分就是卷面评分；而相比之下，托福之类的全球性英语能力考试，它们的评分标准需要经过一系列分数转化和统计，更加复杂，但是却更加公正和客观。为什么这么说？因为每次考试的难易程度肯定不一样，如果某次考试比较难，那么整体分数肯定下降反之亦然；长久下去必然破坏考试的公正性和有效性；所以经过复杂的统计学远离进行分数转换，可以更加公正。

希望以上的答复能对您的留学申请有所帮助。如果您有任何更详细的问题或需要进一步的协助，我强烈推荐您访问我们的留学官方网站 ，在那里您可以找到更多专业的留学考试规划和留学资料以及一对一的咨询服务。祝您留学申请顺利！

托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Energy and the Industrial Revolution，希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.

【2】In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.

【3】The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron industry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widening use of higher-quality iron in other industries.

【4】Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

托福阅读试题

1.Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”(paragraph 1)?

A.To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century.

B.To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain.

C.To indicate that Britain’s energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel.

D.To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century.

2.What was “the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century possible?

A.Water and wind could not be used efficiently.

B.There was no efficient way to power machinery.

C.Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.

D.Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.

3.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watt’s steamengine?

A.The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain.

B.Increased mechanization.

C.More possibilities for mill location. 蜕变培训网

D.Smaller mills.

4.The phrase “apparent in” in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.clearly seen in.

B.aided by.

C.associated with.

D.followed by.

5.According to paragraph 2, what was Britain’s most important export by 1850?

A.Raw cotton.

B.Cotton cloth.

C.Steam-powered pumps.

D.Coal.

6.The word “consequent”(paragraph 2)in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.resulting.

B.encouraging.

C.well documented.

D.immediate.

7.What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole?

A.It explains how by increasing the supply of raw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production.

B.It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain.

C.It demonstrates why developments in a single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution.

D.It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution.

8.According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the ironindustry?

A.It helped make wood into charcoal.

B.It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron.

C.It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron.

D.It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines.

9.According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the ironindustry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT

A.Steam-driven bellows were used to produce raw iron.

B.By the 1850s Britain was the world’s largest producer of iron.

C.Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes.

D.Greater demand for higher-quality iron increased its price.

10.The word “initiated”in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.anticipated.

B.accelerated.

C.spread.

D.started.

11.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation inrail transportation?

A.Because railway construction employed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers.

B.It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping.

C.It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive.

D.It resulted in higher wages for factory workers.

12.The phrase “accustomed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.in need of.

B.used to.

C.tired of.

D.encouraged by.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. The first steam-powered locomotives were slow but they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity.

Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turnhad further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. ■【A】However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. ■【B】As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. ■【C】Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. ■【D】Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed,many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britaindepended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery.

A.For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.

B.The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britain's economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

C.An expansion of the Industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron.

D.By 1850, the use of steam power in Britain's mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leader in the production of cotton cloth and iron.

E.Since the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging markets requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce.

F.By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factories could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales.

托福 阅读答案

1.目的题，读highlight所在句，说英国有煤，但没法变成能量来运行机器，选项C同时说了由煤木有能量，是正确答案。A错在不是reject，原文承认缺能量，A说反;B错在原文没讲other energy resources怎么样;D错在coal mining变成重要行业没讲。

2.以the problem of energy做关键词定位至第二句，但这句话没有内容，于是往后看，下一句讲依靠动植物和人作为能量的来源，看完这句话最大的可能是选D，但原文没说动植物和人的能源不够，所以D不对。排除法，A说风和水能没有有效利用，而原文第四句说越来越多的使用，所以A错;C跟上一题相反，错;B跟上一题相同，正确。

3.A的huge quantity of raw cotton定位至倒数第三句，说进口增加了230倍，正确，不选;B定位至第五句，说机械化越来越多，正确，不选;C的mill location定位至第四句，说mill不用在水边了，也就是C说的更多可能的位置，正确，不选;也同样在这句话里说大的mills，跟D说的相反，所以D错，选。

4.apparent in明显，所以正确答案是A的clearly seen in。词根是pare，意思是可见，想想透明transparent和appear。代入，原文讲转向不断增加的mechanization是什么样的通过进口raw cotton，紧接着后面就用数字讲进口cotton怎么怎么样，说明很显著。B帮忙和C相关明显不通。前后两句没有明显的先后关系，所以follow不通。

5.以most important export和1850做关键词定位至倒数第二句和倒数第三句，说raw cotton进口增加了230倍，cotton cloth变成了最重要的产品，占了出口的一半，所以正确答案是B的cotton cloth。注意A的raw cotton是进口的。

6.consequent结果的，所以正确答案是resulting。之前有讲蒸汽机的成功result in了煤炭需求的增加，和consequent煤炭生产的增加，需求增加当然导致生产增加，所以正确答案是A，C和D完全不对，A和B相比A更好。

7.问整段的，看首尾。首句讲1700年代瓦特发明了蒸汽机，随着越来越便宜，应用越来越广;尾句说steam engine的成功导致煤炭需求和生产的增加。MS没有正确答案，可采用排除法，首先没讲除英国之外的其他国家，所以A和B都不对，C说一个行业不能引起工业革命，原文也没讲。D正确的原因是煤炭的应用解决了能源问题，正确，不记得的话看看第一段的末尾。

8.以coke做关键词定位至第二句，讲在制铁的过程中，coke替代了charcoal，但没讲coke能干嘛，所以往下看，说impurity随着coke的使用被烧掉了，也就是除杂质，所以正确答案是C，B和D的machine没讲;A说把木头变成charcoal，原文也没说。

9.A的steam-driven bellows定位至第二句，正确，不选;B的1850s和Britain定位至第五句，说英国的产量等于其他国家产量之和，当然是最大生产国，所以B正确，不选;C的different shapes and sizes定位至第四句，正确，不选;D的price没讲，错，选。

10.initiated开始，所以正确答案是D。代入，说steam engine的到来怎么了铁路运输的彻底改变，能说得通的只有B和D。因为之前没有说到变化，所以不是加速，开始了一种全新的变化更好些。

11.以transformation in rail transportation做关键词定位至第四句和第五句，说随着transportation改善，能到达更远更大的国内市场，导致更大的销量和更大的工厂，所以正确答案是C。A的rural laborers，B的ocean shipping和D的wage原文都没有有说。

12.accustomed to习惯，所以正确答案是B，used to意思完全一样。不认识的同学看custom，风俗习惯，前面的ac前缀和后面的ed均没有实际意义。代入，说铁路建设提供的工作机会吸引了工人，这些工人是怎么样季节性迁徙的，C厌倦和D鼓励说不通。A需要和B习惯就要看词汇量了。

13.此题名词过渡不容易找，只能找到动词improve，所以正确答案非B即C。B之后有as transportation improved，也就是给出improve之后的结果，应该是先有improve后有结果，所以正确答案是B。

14.For years选项与首段第二句相反，错。The introduction选项对应最后一段，正确。An expansion选项中的outside Great Britain怎么样原文没讲，错。By 1850选项对应原文第二段和第三段，正确。Since the basic选项对应原文最后一段后半部分，正确。By the end选项中的工厂找不到工人跟上increasing sales没说，错。

托福阅读译文

【1】多年来，历史学家试图找到18世纪工业革命在工业、技术和经济领域兴起的关键因素，许多人把能源问题放在突出位置。直到18世纪，人们依靠工厂、畜力以及人力来提供动力。高效地利用水能和风能有助于完成诸如抽泵、碾磨或航海等工作。然而，到了18世纪，尤其是大不列颠却经历了能源短缺。木材，这一为家庭和工业供暖供能,同时也以加工木炭的形式被使用在钢铁工业中的主要能源，其供应量日益减少。大不列颠有大

量的煤矿;然而，还没有产生机械能或为机器提供动力的有效 方法 。这一切随着蒸汽机的改良而发生。

【2】在18世纪末期，詹姆斯?瓦特设计了一款高效且具商业利益的蒸汽机，由于其价格低廉，很快就被运用到各项工业生产之中。这款蒸汽机帮助解决了煤矿中地下水的排水问题并且提高了煤的产量，这些煤用来为别处的蒸汽机提供动力。与蒸汽机相连的旋转式发动机带动轴承转动，从而驱动机器，运用蒸汽动力纺织棉布的纺织厂随之出现。因为蒸汽机靠燃煤而驱动，一些大型棉纺织厂就不再像那些使用水力驱动机器的工厂一样必须依河而建。这种棉纺织业日益机械化的转变在棉花原料的进口和棉纺产品的销售中得到突出的体现。在1760年到1850年间，原棉的进口量增长了230倍。英国棉纺产品的生产量增加了60倍，而棉布则成了英国最重要的产品，占出口总额的一半。蒸汽机的成功带来了对煤需求量的增加，而且随着蒸汽动力泵从位于地下水位下的更深的煤层中排出水来，随之而来的煤产量的增加成为可能。

【3】蒸汽动力的可利用性以及对新机器的需求促进了钢铁工业的转型。当蒸汽驱动风箱投入到生铁生产中后，木炭这种用木材烧成因此供应量有限的物质就被焦炭(煤加热后残留的物质)替代了。随着焦炭的使用，生铁中的杂质被燃烧完，从而生产出更高质量的精炼铁。降低的成本也有助于那些能够生产不同形状和尺寸的成品铁制品的蒸汽动力轧钢厂的发展。因此导致的钢铁工业的繁荣使钢铁的年产量在1740年到1840年间增长了170多倍，到19世纪50年代，大不列颠生产的钢铁比世界其他地区生产的总和还要高。钢铁工业的发展从某种意义上说，是对更多机器的需求以及在其他工业中更广泛使用高质量铁的一种回应。

【4】蒸汽动力和钢铁带来了交通运输的革新，反过来也有着更加深远的影响。道路设施以及航海的改善已经初见成效，但是船运重型货物到陆地的费用仍然很高，即使在可以使用河流和运河的地方。平行铁轨长期以来被用于采矿作业来运输大型货物，但是马匹仍然是主要的动力来源。然而，蒸汽机的到来引发了铁路运输的彻底变革，巩固和扩大了工业革命的成果。随着交通运输的改善，全国范围内更远更大的市场可以到达，因此鼓励着大型工厂的生产与日益增长的销售量保持同步。更大规模的生产和日益增长的需求给企业家带来了利润，这种利润可用于再投资新技术，进一步扩大产能或寻求其他的投资机会。同时，铁道建设方面的更多就业机会也吸引了那些习惯于季节性工作或者短工制的农村劳动力。一旦工作完成，其中的很多人就会参与到其他的建筑工作中或是城镇中的工厂工作中，并成为其中的不断壮大的工人阶级。

托福阅读TPO26(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Energy and the Industrial Revolution相关 文章 ：

以上就是蜕变培训网为大家带来的托福阅读TPO16(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:TradeandtheAncientMiddleEast（2023年托福考试阅读真题一览（6月19日）），希望能帮助到大家！